Hunger of Memory Religion Essay - 667 Words

Hunger of Memory: Religion Rodriguez is very open about Catholicism and the identities and views that he has had in his life both as a child and now as an adult. He begins by explaining how as a child, the Church had a profound impact on his everyday life. The Church had â€Å"an extraordinarily physical presence† in Rodriguez’s early life as he had a church and a catholic school both within one block in either direction of his home (Rodriguez pg 85). As a young boy, Rodriguez’s first taste of church was through a small wooden church across town where mass was done all in Spanish. At this stage of his life, Rodriguez still felt alienated by â€Å"los gringos† and maintained that public and private life should be kept separated. But as†¦show more content†¦His connection with the church slowly dwindled as well as stopped going to confessional and began to go to his friends if he needed advice. However, Rodriguez continued to blend his catholi c views with his intellectual readings on theology and really became a free thinker. Rodriguez admits that â€Å"education may have made it inevitable that I would become a citizen of the secular city, but I have come to embrace the city’s values. By choice I do not confine myself to Catholic society† (pg. 115). This idea of free choice is ultimately where Rodriguez finds himself in his religious views. He is an individual who chooses what he wants to believe in, and it is part of his identity was an educated adult. Although many of his religious ideals as a child were lost due to the changing world around him, Rodriguez admits that he stills wishes that he could go back to the way the church was when he was a child. He â€Å"longed for the Latin mass† (pg. 112) as it was simplistic and as it focused on the individual rather than the group. Rodriguez believes that ones relationship with God is at an individual level and that all the changes made in church are â€Å"aimed at serving Catholics who no longer live in a Catholic world† (pg. 113). As the times and church have changed, so has Rodriguez. He admits that he will continue to go to English mass but will recall the faith that he once had as a child. Rodriguez willShow MoreRelatedA Discussion Of Similarities And Differences1388 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific researchers, as human patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are different, and this difference is grounded in biologically mandated individual features. Althoug h, there is something in common for different social groups, and ethnicity or religion might be contemplated as a wide factor that units individuals. 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Mainfreight Case Study Free Essays

string(369) " bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand model† â€Å"The business has been difficult to grow and we haven’t made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped† â€Å"You’ve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies\." Mainfreight Group – Mighty Oaks from little acorns grow A case study of a New Zealand Multinational’s Foreign Market Entry Strategy Mainfreight – Mighty Oaks from little acorns grow. This case study examines the strategies Mainfreight Limited has exploited when entering foreign markets. It examines Mainfreight’s successes and failures and investigates whether its market entry strategies played a significant part in these experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Mainfreight Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mainfreight Group market themselves as a global logistics provider offering â€Å"managed warehousing and international and domestic freight forwarding† (Mainfreight, 2013). As of 2013 Mainfreight Limited is operating in over 14 countries in four continents. Originally a domestic freight provider, the company now specializes in providing a large variety of services common to global logistics providers such as domestic haulage of both full and part loads, International Air services, International Sea Container services, Contract Warehousing and Supply Chain Management as well as other service offerings not commonly associated with global logistics providers including â€Å"Fashion Services, Canadian Transborder Logistics Services and Entertainment Media Logistics†(Linkedin, 2013). Mainfreight generally focuses on target areas they identify they can add more value to than â€Å"simple cartage† (Massey University, 2009) Mainfreight attribute their success to their unique culture, stating on their website that they â€Å"have developed a style of doing business, successful not only in New Zealand, but around the world†. Whilst this is a bold statement, Mainfreight has had some great accomplishments. Their success hasn’t been an accident and this mighty oak was once a little acorn. Since its inception in 1978, Mainfreight has grown significantly and is often cited as one of New Zealand’s most successful companies (Otago Business School, n. d. ). Founded by Bruce Plested with $7,200 (Mainfreight, 1996) â€Å"and a 1969 Bedford truck† (Fairfax NZ News, 2008) Mainfreight’s business quickly expanded. Neil Graham joined Plested in 1979 as Joint Managing Director and opened their first Christchurch Branch. Growth continued and Mainfreight soon developed â€Å"New Zealand’s most extensive [domestic] freight network† (Mainfreight, 2013) by using coastal shipping to get around draconian laws that required â€Å"all freight travelling on land a greater distance than 150 kilometres to be moved by rail. † (Mainfreight, 1996) Mainfreight Founder Bruce Plested â€Å"By the time land transport deregulation occurred in 1985, we were hardened and experienced after 8 years competing against the system and the giant transport companies. With the playing field almost levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep culture and a vision of what we could achieve† â€Å"By the time land transport deregulation occurred in 1985, we were hardened and experienced after 8 years competing against the system and the giant transport companies. With the playing field almost levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep culture and a vision of what we could achieve† Complementary to the company’s special culture Plested believed that some of the company’s success could be assigned to its agility and responsiveness to change, stating in Mainfreight’s 1996 prospectus; Revenue exceeded NZD$10 million for the first time in 1984 and the first Mainfreight International branches, 50% owned by the Mainfreight Limited in conjunction with their managers opened in Christchurch and Auckland also opened. Mainfreight, 1996) 1989 saw the opening of Mainfreight’s first Australian branch in Sydney with a view to offering services that â€Å"would allow customers to treat New Zealand and Australia as one market† (New Zealand Management Magazine, 2007). Mainfreight International Branches also opened in Melbourne and Sydney and revenue first exceeded NZD$50 million. The period between 1990 and 1996 was typified by geographic expansion throughout Australia and New Zealand. This growth was primarily via two different channels; via organic growth from its existing operations, and through acquisition of competitors or complementary service providers. Service expansion and differentiation formed the backbone of Mainfreight’s organic growth platform through the early 1990’s. Named operations such as Metro Cartage, Wharf Operations and Distribution began to appear alongside the regular Mainfreight and Mainfreight International brands. Revenues continued to grow and the New Zealand domestic and International parts of he business continued to excel. However, the same could not be said for Mainfreight’s Australian operations which did not break even until 1994 (Kennedy, 2000). â€Å"By having a strong domestic and international presence in both New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a multinational company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of onl y being able to service New Zealand, the multinational is not interested – they see Australia and New Zealand as one† By having a strong domestic and international presence in both New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a multinational company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of only being able to service New Zealand, the multinational is not interested – they see Australia and New Zealand as one† Despite these losses Mainfreight’s commitment to the Australian market was never in doubt. Executive Chairman Bruce Plested described the perception that the rest of the world regard Australia and New Zealand as one market and that multinationals â€Å"increasingly engage a global freight company to provide all their freighting and warehousing services throughout the world† (Mainfreight, 2002). Plested’s argument was that by having a presence in both Australia and New Zealand it would demonstrate to large multinationals that Mainfreight were the logistics provider of choice and specialists in this geography. He did not feel he could achieve this operating in New Zealand alone. In order to rectify the company’s poor Australian result the business undertook a series of acquisitions through the early to mid 1990’s that included Mogal Freight, MSAS and Premier VIP stores. (Refer to Table 1. 1 for more information on Mainfreight’s acquisitions during the period between 1980 and 1995). TABLE 1. 1 Plested in an interview with Graeme Kennedy in March 2000 reflected on the Australian operations struggles; â€Å"We have struggled to break into the usiness with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand model† â€Å"The business has been difficult to grow and we haven’t made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped† â€Å"You’ve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies. You read "Mainfreight Case Stud y" in category "Essay examples" Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and network to give them confidence in the operation† We have struggled to break into the business with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand model† â€Å"The business has been difficult to grow and we haven’t made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped† â€Å"You’ve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies. Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and network to give them confidence in the operation† It was the acquisition in 1994 of Premier VIP Stores that finally gave Mainfreight the critical mass of customers required to finally start making profit from their Australian operation. With profitability worries behind them, operating revenues hitting NZD$100 million per annum and all three divisions of Mainfreight Limited’s business operating profitably, the business listed on the New Zealand stock exchange on the 14th June 1996. 35 million shares, roughly 60% of the company’s issued capital, was made available by owners Bruce Plested and Neil Graham to the general public at a price between $0. 5 and $1. 10 per share (Mainfreight, 1996) The listing proved to be an immediate success with Mainfreight’s share price increasing 72% in its first year as a publically listed company. Acquisitions in New Zealand and Australia continued throughout 1997/1998. Mainfreight purchased 75% of LEP Freightways New Zealand and purchased outright LEP International Australia, Comb ined Haulage, Senco Haulage and Trade Air Ocean Ltd all significant players in the Australasian logistics industry. Mainfreight’s international growth continued, purchasing minority shareholdings in ISS and Associates in Hong Kong (37. % of Bolwick Ltd) and China (50% of Mainfreight Express Ltd) one month after opening its first Mainfreight International branch outside of Australasia, also in Hong Kong in September of 1998. This signified the start of Mainfreight’s push to become a global player in the logistics scene which continued with the purchase of CaroTrans from Arkansas Best Corp in 1999. Mainfreight bought 49. 5% of the CaroTrans operation with the remaining shareholding taken up by an investor group that included CaroTrans CEO Greg Howard. Refer to table 1. 2 to see how Mainfreight Group had structured its investment in other subsidiaries as of 2001. TABLE 1. 2 â€Å"Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throughout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownership’s, a network throughout the United States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Beyond these regions, in Europe we work with Ziegler (our partner in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries†. â€Å"Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throughout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownership’s, a network throughout the United States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Beyond these regions, in Europe we work with Ziegler (our partner in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries†. In their 2001 Annual Report Mainfreight described the group of businesses they had acquired over the past 21 years. The period between 2002 and 2007 saw Mainfreight focus on its existing geographies. In New Zealand growth occurred through the opening of new Mainfreight domestic transport branches as well as through the 79. 6% acquisition of the Owens Group of companies in 2003. The company’s Australian operations were also performing with revenues from Australian Domestic and International segments equalling the New Zealand group’s sales performance for the first time. Mainfreight purchased the outstanding 51. 5% of CaroTrans in 2004 and opened additional branches of across the United States and Australia. Mainfreight International opened further Chinese branches in Ningbo, Shenzen and Guangzhou. Table 1. 3 demonstrates Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment for the year ending 31st March 2007. TABLE 1. 3 Mainfreight USA has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have identified a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the process of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. † â€Å"Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the USA operations, including a stronger branch management focus, the introduction o f our owner driver model for pick up and delivery, and a more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management. † more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management Mainfreight USA has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have identified a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the process of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. † â€Å"Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the USA operations, including a stronger branch management focus, the introduction of our owner driver model for pick up and delivery, and a more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management. † more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management Mainfreight’s expansion did not stop there. Target Logistics, a public company listed on the American Stock Exchange was acquired â€Å"in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately USD $53. 7 million† (CW Downer Co, 2007). This represented Mainfreight’s largest acquisition to date. Chris Coppersmith CEO and President of Target Logistics stayed on with the company and headed up the newly formed Mainfreight USA, however his time in the role was short lived. By the end of 2009, Coppersmith was no longer with the company having been replaced by 14 year Mainfreight Veteran John Hepworth. Mainfreight’s 2009 annual report shed some light on some of the issues the American operation was facing. During this period Mainfreight purchased the outstanding shares from its Management in Hong Kong and China and disposed of its 75% shareholding in both LEP International New Zealand and Australia for AUD $83 million to minority shareholder Agility Logistics Group (Mainfreight, 2007). However these setbacks did not slow down the Mainfreight Group, the company achieving sales of NZD $1 Billion for the first time in time 2009. Buoyed by consistent sales growth the company continued with its rapid development and advanced into Europe. The Wim Bosman group of companies, â€Å"one of the largest privately? owned, integrated transport and logistics providers in the Netherlands and Belgium with 14 branches across six European countries, with more than 1,000 transport units, more than 275,000m? of warehouse and cross docking facilities and approximately 1,414 team members† (Mainfreight,2011) was purchased outright in 2011 for 110 million Euros. This time however Mainfreight installed Mark Newman, one of Mainfreight’s first graduates as CEO of the European business. Mark having spent 21 years with Mainfreight, Mark was very familiar with the company’s culture and drive to succeed. In the company’s 2012 Annual Report Newman reflects on his first year in charge of Wim Bosman / Mainfreight Europe. â€Å"We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies. During this period we have been able to integrate Mainfreight’s financial disciplines and begin the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreight’s culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations† â€Å"We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies. During this period we have been able to integrate Mainfreight’s financial disciplines and begin the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreight’s culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations† Despite these continued expansion struggles Mainfreight is still being awarded accolades, in 2012 winning the â€Å"Best Growth Strategy† award at the Deloitte / Management Top200 Awards Ceremony. So, what has Mainfreight learnt from these acquisitions and how has their behaviour changed over time? Refer to the tables 1. 4 and 1. for an update on Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment and the group’s structure as of 31 March 2012, before answering the Questions in Section two. TABLE 1. 4 TABLE 1. 5 Questions / Discussion 1) Can Mainfreight truly be classified as a â€Å"global† logistics provider? Using Collinson and Rugman’s definition from Peng’s 2014 text of a true global mul tinational enterprise having â€Å"at least 20% of sales in each of the three regions of the Triad consisting of Asia, Europe and North America but less than 50% in any one† we can see that Mainfreight does not quite fit this criteria. Table 1. shows Mainfreight Groups consolidated sales by geographic segment for 2012. Sales in the USA and Europe represented 24% and 23% respectively of the group’s NZD$ 1. 8billion total sales. Asia however contributed only 3%. Strictly following Rugman’s definition this would suggest that Mainfreight is not truly a global logistics provider. If we redefine Rugman’s definition to state â€Å"at least 20% of sales in each of three regions but less than 50% in any one† the 54% of sales coming from Australasia would suggest that Mainfreight is still to Australasian centric to be considered a true â€Å"global† logistics provider. ) Has Mainfreight’s mode of entry into foreign markets changed over time? If so how, and why? There have been some consistent themes as well as some changes to Mainfreight’s market entry strategies since opening their first Mainfreight International Branch in 1984. The consistent themes have seen Mainfreight continuously pursue Equity modes as means of entry. As a service provider Mainfreight has been unable to pursue some non-equity modes of entry, as it is not possible to export their services to foreign markets, although Licensing and Franchising agreements could have been pursued in other markets if Mainfreight so desired. The main changes in Mainfreight’s approach occurred between 2005 and 2007. This was most obvious when Mainfreight acquired 100% of Target Logistics, increased its shareholding to 100% in both its Hong Kong and Chinese operations and divested its 75% shareholding in LEP New Zealand and Australia. This move to wholly owning their subsidiary’s represented a significant change in thinking for Mainfreight, who up until this time entered new markets in Joint Venture, often sharing costs, risks and profits in conjunction with the subsidiary’s Senior Management. This previous approach was evident in the 49. % purchase of CaroTrans from Arkansas Best Corp in conjunction with CEO Greg Howard and in the Hong Kong and Chinese operations opened in 1998. Whilst the incorporation of CaroTrans into Mainfreight’s business was seen as a success, the introduction into the stable of fellow American company Target Logistics was anything but. Target CEO Chris Coppersmith stayed on when the business transferred to Mainfreight ownership, however the Target business could not adapt to the cultural and financial expectations expected of it by Mainfreight’s Board and Coppersmith was soon replaced by veteran Mainfreight Executive John Hepworth. As of 2012, the American division is still struggling, remaining the least profitable of all geographic segments in terms of its size as indicated in the table below. NZD 000’s| | | | | | | NZ| Aus| USA| Asia| Europe| Revenue| 455. 7| 529| 439| 56| 419| EBITDA| 54. 5| 33. 7| 19| 2. 6| 28. 1| ROR| 12. 0%| 6. 4%| 4. 3%| 4. 6%| 6. 7%| Despite Mainfreight continually pushing their culture as the number one reason for their success, it may be that they have overlooked the importance of adapting to certain countries specific norms and values. It certainly wasn’t a new concept as Mainfreight had experienced these struggles in the past, Bruce Plested’s interview with Graeme Kennedy in 2000 touched on the cultural differences of the Australian and New Zealand markets stating â€Å"You’ve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies† (Kennedy, 2000) The Wim Bosman acquisition which also saw Mainfreight Executive Mark Newman promoted has also struggled financially. Is it a coincidence that Mainfreight’s joint ventures thrived whilst the wholly owned subsidiaries struggled? The major benefit of joint ventures is the access to partners’ knowledge, albeit whether it relates to regulative, normative or cognitive institutions. It appears this is something Mainfreight has overlooked in the recent past as it moved toward wholly owning its foreign subsidiaries. 3) Why do you think that Mainfreight has entered the markets it has? Mainfreight has applied some logic to the markets it has chosen to enter. Australia is a logical first point of call for many New Zealand firms looking to expand overseas due to the common language, regulatory environments and similar, albeit different, cultural norms. From an international organizations point of view, these similarities are compounded. Mainfreight’s chairman Bruce Plested stated that multinationals often view both New Zealand and Australia as just one market making Australia a logical first stepping stone in Mainfreight’s overseas expansion. Up until 2010 Mainfreight’s expansion had focused on extending the New Zealand part of the company’s global reach. Statistics New Zealand (2013) states that â€Å"New Zealand depends heavily on international trade, especially with especially with Australia, China, the United States, and Japan† and unsurprisingly these are the countries (excluding Japan) that Mainfreight has expanded into. The cultural differences between New Zealand and the Chinese and American markets are much more significant than those between the New Zealand and Australian markets or other traditional trading partners such as Britain. However, the sheer weight of imports and exports flowing into and out of these countries has made them obvious candidates for Mainfreight to expand into as it seeks to expand into markets complementary to the existing business. The purchase of Wim Bosman is interesting in that it is not a purchase that would traditionally be seen as complementary to Mainfreight’s New Zealand business when compared to markets such as Japan with whom New Zealand has significantly more trade. However, the opening of European markets could be seen as complimentary to Mainfreight’s US and Chinese operations in particular as these operations continue to grow, evolve and mature. 4) What are some of the risks associated with the approaches to foreign direct investment and the markets Mainfreight has chosen to enter? Mainfreight experienced Liability of Foreignness when it first entered the Australian market place. As outlined in my response to Question 1, firms, especially large ones would not give Mainfreight a chance unless they were seen to employ Australians. This was an inherent disadvantage of being a foreign company entering a new market in a â€Å"greenfield† capacity. Later Mainfreight expansion addressed some of these risks through the use of Joint Ventures in foreign markets such as China, Hong Kong and in the purchase of CaroTrans in the USA. As Mainfreight’s market entry strategy changed towards wholly owning their subsidiaries, some of these risks arose again. Mainfreight’s approach in fully acquiring existing business often helped to minimize these dangers as Mainfreight was not competing for a piece of the existing market share as it was previously with its greenfield entry into Australia. Mainfreight has not adopted a consistent approach to renaming businesses it has taken over. For example Target Logistics was renamed as Mainfreight USA, whilst the Wim Bosman acquisition has retained the company’s original branding possibly helping to overcome some of the cultural negativity foreign firms experience in other host countries. As a smaller New Zealand based multinational in the service industry Mainfreight has managed to mitigate many of risks that may apply to other companies, however currency risks and rivalry among competing firms are areas Mainfreight is still susceptible to. Regulatory risks are still very real however probably lesser in geographies such as Australia, the EU and New Zealand than they are the United States and China. 5) Relative to smaller logistics providers in New Zealand what are the main advantages Mainfreight enjoys from its MNE status? Peng (2014) refers to firms having OLI advantages or Ownership, Location and Internalization advantages. Using Peng’s framework, relative to non-multinationals operating in the New Zealand logistics industry, Mainfreight has the following advantages. Ownership Mainfreight benefits in that it has control and ownership of a significant part of the supply chain compared to say a New Zealand domestic transport company or a New Zealand warehousing provider. Mainfreight is able to compete with these non-multinationals by offering the convenience of an all in one managed solution to its clients or alternative competing on price with non-multinationals in their market as Mainfreight may be able to cross subsidise certain parts of its business. For example, Mainfreight may sell New Zealand warehousing services at a loss if it guarantees means they may win a customer’s lucrative freighting business. Location Mainfreight’s advantages over a non multinational from a location perspective are much harder to determine. As a service industry Mainfreight would find it hard to capitalize on Natural resources, low cost efficiencies and innovation, however there may be some advantages gained through having a global presence and subjecting Mainfreight’s brand to a global audience. This means Mainfreight could have a distinct advantage over non multinational logistics providers as potential customers (particularly large global ones) are more likely to know of Mainfreight’s operations. Internalization Some of the benefits Mainfreight experiences here are similar to the Ownership benefits outlined above. By not having to pay external suppliers margins on different services within a customer’s supply chain, Mainfreight can potentially offer more competitive services and retain profits inhouse. References Collinson, S. and Rugman, A. (2007). The regional character of Asian multinational enterprises. APJM, Ch. 24. Pp. 429-446. C. W. Downer ; Co. (2007, September 18). Target Logistics, Inc. , Agrees to be acquired by Mainfreight Limited. Retrieved from http://www. cwdowner. com/index. php? option=com_content;view=article;id=72;Itemid=31 Deloitte. (2012, November 29). Top 200 Companies Awards Reflect Future Direction for NZ Enterprise. Retrieved from http://www. deloitte. com/view/en_NZ/nz/news-room/3ee15be7bf94b310VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD. htm Fairfax NZ News. (2008, November 26). Mainfreight’s Plested wins Beacon Award. Retrieved from http://www. stuff. co. nz/business/735585 Kennedy, Graeme. (2000, March 17). Mainfreight develops major logistics operation. Retrieved from http://www. sharechat. co. nz/article/69e6e5bb/mainfreight-develops-major-logistics-operation. html Linkedin. (2013, February 28). Mainfreight. Retrieved from http://www. linkedin. com/company/mainfreight? trk=top_nav_home Mainfreight Limited. (1996) Mainfreight Limited Prospectus. Retrieved from http://epublishbyus. com/ebook/ebook? id=10005147#/4 Mainfreight Limited. (1997, July 2). Annual Report 1997. Retrieved from How to cite Mainfreight Case Study, Free Case study samples

Statistics and Research Global Standards

Question: Discuss about the Influence of the Global Standards of E-commerce on the Worldwide Business. Answer: Introduction to the research topic According to Wymbs (2014), the electronic commerce might have large economic influences in the future. Moreover, it can be said that the electronic commerce (e-commerce) might change the plan as well as the face of the operational process of the business. It can be said that the e-commerce businesses have affected the worldwide financial system in various manners. Firstly, it can be said that the incorporation of the e-commerce business operation in the present market has primarily affected the information technology. Moreover, it has been found that this modified process of e-commerce also affects the economic sectors and enriches the growth of the productivity of the business across the world. Furthermore, it has been noted that the sales of e-commerce increased to $ 3.5 trillion in the year 2005. Therefore, advancement in the internet revolution is considered as more than a primary public policy goal. As per Wymbs (2014), the e-commerce market possesses various models and these ar e business to business (B2B), Customer to Business (C2B), Business to Customer (B2C) and Customer to Customer (C2C). In addition to these, though the current market has various models for operating e-commerce business, there are certain issues that affect its development. These include content, profitability, security, taxation, privacy and participation in the growth of the new global standards. Therefore, this particular investigate proposal puts emphasis on the affect of global standards of e-commerce on the worldwide business (Siau, Ee-Peng and Shen 2015). Literature Review In this particular section, a detailed analysis has been done based on the influence of the global standards of e-commerce on the worldwide business (Siau and Shen 2013). In addition, its importance on the organizational operation has also been determined. Generally, the global standards of e-commerce are regarded as the technological process that helps to enter into a new market and this is done by the implementation of advanced technology. The strategy of e-commerce business provides the consumers with various facilities, like, an individual can purchase any goods by sitting in his room from anywhere of the world. Furthermore, the hectic lifestyle of the people has mainly lead to expansion of the particular business (Shim et al. 2015). Advantages and Disadvantages of E-commerce on Global Business According to Wymbs (2014), the implementation of global e-commerce business has positive effects on both the consumers and businesses. The advantages it provides to the customers of the company include the clients can purchase at lower prices, they can get access to the products and services for all day i.e. 24 hours and has global marketplace. On the other hand, the advantages the technology of global e-commerce provides to the business include lower barriers to entries, companies can provide advertising at lower cost and the potential share of the market can be increased. However, this particular technology also has certain disadvantages on both the customers and the business. The disadvantages regarding the customers are online purchasing security and incapability of the clients to scrutinize the goods personally. Finally, it has been found that the technology of online or e-commerce also has negative effect on the business. These include costs of the business, hardware and Sof tware, training and maintenance, maintenance of website and customer loyalty and website stickiness (Ngai and Wat 2012). Determinants that affects the Global Standards of E-commerce As rightly put forward by Wymbs (2014), there are some of the key determinants that will maintain the smooth process of E-commerce business to a wider extent involving sufficient internal resources of business organization. This means viewing at the incapability of the staff members working in an organization in the Marketing Department. Business Corporation should posses required economic strength for bearing the expense of regulating the E-commerce business. Entire operational aspect of E-commerce business will base on use of sophisticated technologies for future analysis purpose. There are various types of business firms that enables in bearing the expenses after implementation of modified technologies in and within the firm. Therefore, there has been improper plan for implementation by using accurate technologies whereby E-commerce business remains unable in operating the company in successful way (Markus and Soh 2013). As opined by Deitel (2015), there has been shortfall of modified technologies in and within e-commerce business that hampers entire procedures of business enterprise. In other words, maintenance of an E-commerce business involves well-trained as well as well-skilled employees who views at the level of competency in the current market for managing in the most efficient way. There has been technological change by putting the obstacles for expanding in the business leading towards declination of the business. There are several factors that govern adopting E-commerce applications (Siau and Shen 2013). This includes: IT Competence is one of the factors relating to E-commerce adoption. This reveals the fact regarding the ability and information of staff members for understanding the concepts of E-commerce as well as superior information and communication such as internet and computer software in everyday activities. It reduces the barriers on adoption of E-commerce organization such as lack of possessions and lack of skills and competent employees (Lee and Kozar 2016). On the other hand, Organizational support refers as the top management in the entire process aligning with the E-commerce activity of business firm. This means that Business Corporation requires adopting and implementing the E-commerce that need adequate resources as well as capabilities. It will help in encouraging to team members by overcoming the challenges and fostering cross-functional cooperation (Javalgi and Ramsey 2016). Trust and Security is other factor that needs consideration whereby it requires protecting the illegal ac cess of information data and internet possessions. In this case, results are taken from the quantitative data such as surveys and questionnaire on the given topic on E-commerce standards. Business Corporation mostly has a fear in losing their trade secrets as it will create reluctance by entering E-commerce business (Kumar and Liu 2015). Moderating effects of competitive pressure will be taking into consideration at higher rates by adopting the technology innovation. It requires being more responsive and cautious by actions of competitors in the current business environment. It requires measuring the competitive pressures by implementing E-commerce technology. This reveals the fact that competitive pressure from the moderate climate as it will proportionally maintain relationship at the time of adopting E-commerce (Kumar and Zahn 2013). Background Information on the research topic In the recent world, E-commerce business had expanded as well as became popular in and across the world (Gunasekaran et al. 2012). In other words, E-commerce business starts within the country as well as across the geographical boundaries. This reveals the fact that other offline business will be following the guidelines as well as standards in regard with E-commerce standards. Business Corporation operates on global basis whereby it requires operating their business in and across the world by following the Global standards for running the business in an effective way. GS1 System has created by GS1 network in and among 150 countries whereby they have 3000 employees by greater than 111 member organization. It finds more than 1.500.000 consumers who presently uses GS1 system (Markus and Soh 2013). This particular approach will involve identity, capture as well as share and use. It reveals the fact regarding the global e-commerce standards involves three types of channels such as single channel, Omni-channel and multi-channel. GS1 Standards will make it simple whereby individuals invent as well as purchase goods in and across the growth of business for reducing the expenses of business whereby managers views at the risk and advantage consumer insights (Glushko, Tenenbaum and Meltzer 2015). Research Questions 1.What is the collision between Global E-commerce standards for bringing future progress in the business? 2.Enlighten the primary factors that affect the functioning of business organization in maintaining Global E-commerce Standards. 3.How come Business Organization involves in expansion in the entire process of business aligning with the Global E-commerce standards? Research Hypothesis H0: Global e-commerce standards is overcome with a main impact on the budding business organizations H1: Global e-commerce standards is not overcome with a main impact on the budding business organizations Research Methodology Research Philosophy Research Philosophy means the scientific data collection by which it is conducted by using the philosophies for implementing the research strategy (De la Torre and Moxon 2015). This involves employment and utilizing the research instruments. This will help in solving the problem in which research questions and objectives revealed in the previous sections. It helps in discussing research philosophy aligning with other philosophies. It augments with the research strategy that takes into consideration research methodologies by adopting or using the research instruments aligning with the pursuit of goals. In this way, research philosophy is a belief whereby data will be collected, used and analyzed at the same time. It means the process for transforming the information and putting in real course of action. There are three types of research philosophy such as Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism (Damanpour and Damanpour 2014). In order to explain each of the research philosophy in detail, Positivism explains the reality of action that will be observed from an objective viewpoint (Czinkota et al. 2014). It is important to consider the fact that phenomenon will be isolated from the repeated observations. It will involves manipulating the reality of actions by viewing at the variations of single independent variable at the time of identification of regularities by maintaining relationship between constituent elements in the real social world. On the contrary, Interpretivism takes into consideration the emotional side of human beings. This reveals the fact for making the subjective interpretation as well as reality intervention by understanding the entire aspects in detail. This study will be taking into consideration the phenomenon in the natural environment identified by Intreprevitist (Siau and Shen 2013). This can be even acknowledged by the scientists when they fail in identifying the interpretations in v ital form after comparing it with Positivism. Realism combines both the philosophies such as Positivism and Interpretivism (Chaffey 2016). Explanation on using Positivism Philosophy In this particular research work, researcher will be using Positivism Philosophy as it can help in gaining knowledge in the social world whereby objective used for conducting scientific methods of enquiry (Cavusgil et al. 2016). It is essential for the researcher for using Positivism philosophy on the given research topic on Impact of Global E-commerce standards for the Business Corporation in association with the Positivism paradigm like questionnaire and survey from the customers. Research Approach It is important to consider the fact that hypothesis relevance comes from distinctive features taking in between deductive and inductive approach (Aljifri, Pons and Collins 2013). In order to explain both the approach, it is necessary for understand the validity of the research. Deductive approach help in testing the validity of assumptions like conduction of theories or hypothesis at the same time. On the contrary, Inductive approach majorly contributes towards the emergence of new theories and generalizations. Explanation on using Deductive Approach Researcher will be using deductive approach as it will help in understanding the conclusion at the time of implementing the research topic (Albrecht, Dean and Hansen 2015). As far as deductive inference is concerned, it involves the premises that need to be true the conclusion is also true. This research approach will be used by the researcher for generalizing from the specific attributes. Data collection is the evaluation propositions or hypothesis in relation to an existing theory (Siau and Shen 2013). Researcher should be using the information in accordance to the steps starting from the theory and then conducting hypothesis. Gantt chart Research Activities 1-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 Selection of the topic Collection of secondary sources of information Outline of the investigation Literature appraisal and theory operation and investigate tactics Research tactics and technique Primary information examination understanding of Data examination Findings and investigation Conclusion and outline Formation of Draft Final Submission of the research Paper Research Process Figure: Research Process (Source: Siau, Ee-Peng and Shen 2015) The first step in the research process is determining the needs of the research whereby researcher will understand the need based on the topic that affect the Global E-commerce standards on the business enterprises. In this, researcher selects the research topic by explaining the E-commerce standards (Markus and Soh 2013). The second step explains the determining the need of research aligning with the research topic by distributing questionnaire as well as surveys to the employees. It means analyzing the information whereby researcher will be collecting from the quantitative data. The forth step is communicating the findings from the discussion with the research topic. In the last step of research process, researcher requires applying the results whereby the researcher will be analyzing the data from getting future outcome (Siau and Shen 2013). Data collection and analysis methods At the time of conducting research study, researcher will be gathering the detailed information as well as data aligning with the research topic from the targeted customers of Global E-commerce companies such as Amazon, Ebay and Flipkart. This reveals the fact that researcher will be collecting primary data for performing an accurate study aligning with the research topic. It is important to understand the fact that primary data resources help researcher in gathering accurate as well as extracting data from the respondents (Siau, Ee-Peng and Shen 2015). Primary Data Sources At the time of conducting the research, researcher will be performing quantitative analysis based upon data that is gathered from the primary resources (Siau and Shen 2013). This is where customers of Global E-commerce companies whereby the customer purchases goods as well as services from the international companies through online activities. Researcher will be arranging for conducting questionnaire survey and distributing the questionnaire to the targeted customers. Based on the data collection, researcher will be able in performing the quantitative analysis for understanding the problem statements in clear manner. Based on the nature of research topic, researcher fails in arranging for face to face telephonic interviews as well as implementing qualitative analysis at the time of analyzing the data. Researcher cannot collect primary data from the managers of Global companies. Secondary Data Sources At the time of conducting the research, data will be collected from secondary sources such as company websites, peer reviewed journals as well as academic books. Secondary data will not be sufficient at the time of analyzing the statement of problem. Sample Size and Sampling Technique Researcher will be keeping the work simple whereby they will be gathering data as well as informant from sample size of 50 customers who are willing in purchasing products from E-commerce companies through online medium. In other words, researcher will be selecting the participants of the questionnaire survey on random basis. Expected Research outcomes At the time of conducting the research, entire process will conduct accurate research procedure for gaining positive expected future outcomes (Siau, Ee-Peng and Shen 2015). This reveals the fact that quantitative analysis are used by collecting the data in a way of gathering the adequate response from the targeted customers who purchase products and gets services from the Global E-commerce firms. In other words, respondents cooperating with the researcher will help in collecting the data in systematic way. Therefore, the entire procedure of work are drastically comes down because of lack of values as well as ethical considerations. References Albrecht, C.C., Dean, D.L. and Hansen, J.V., 2015. Marketplace and technology standards for B2B e-commerce: progress, challenges, and the state of the art. Information Management, 42(6), pp.865-875. Aljifri, H.A., Pons, A. and Collins, D., 2013. Global e-commerce: a framework for understanding and overcoming the trust barrier. Information Management Computer Security, 11(3), pp.130-138. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia. Chaffey, D., 2016. E-business and E-commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Pearson Education. Czinkota, M.R., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M.H., Marinova, S. and Marinov, M., 2014. International business. Wiley. Damanpour, F. and Damanpour, J.A., 2014. E-business e-commerce evolution: perspective and strategy. Managerial finance, 27(7), pp.16-33. De la Torre, J. and Moxon, R.W., 2015. Introduction to the symposium e-commerce and global business: The impact of the information and communication technology revolution on the conduct of international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(4), p.617. Deitel, H.M., 2015. e-Business e-Commerce for Managers. Pearson Education India. Glushko, R.J., Tenenbaum, J.M. and Meltzer, B., 2015. An XML framework for agent-based E-commerce. Communications of the ACM, 42(3), pp.106-ff. Gunasekaran, A., Marri, H.B., McGaughey, R.E. and Nebhwani, M.D., 2012. E-commerce and its impact on operations management. International journal of production economics, 75(1), pp.185-197. Javalgi, R. and Ramsey, R., 2016. Strategic issues of e-commerce as an alternative global distribution system. International marketing review, 18(4), pp.376-391. Kumar, S. and Liu, D., 2015. Impact of globalisation on entrepreneurial enterprises in the world markets. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 2(1), pp.46-64. Kumar, S. and Zahn, C., 2013. Mobile communications: evolution and impact on business operations. Technovation, 23(6), pp.515-520. Lee, Y. and Kozar, K.A., 2016. Investigating the effect of website quality on e-business success: An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. Decision support systems, 42(3), pp.1383-1401. Markus, M.L. and Soh, C., 2013. Structural influences on global e-commerce activity. Advanced topics in global information management, 2, pp.1-13. Ngai, E.W. and Wat, F.K.T., 2012. A literature review and classification of electronic commerce research. Information Management, 39(5), pp.415-429. Shim, S.S., Pendyala, V.S., Sundaram, M. and Gao, J.Z., 2015. Business-to-business e-commerce frameworks. Computer, 33(10), pp.40-47. Siau, K. and Shen, Z., 2013. Mobile communications and mobile services. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 1(1-2), pp.3-14. Siau, K., Ee-Peng, L. and Shen, Z., 2015. Mobile commerce: promises, challenges, and research agenda. Journal of Database management, 12(3), p.4. Wymbs, C., 2014. How e-commerce is transforming and internationalizing service industries. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(6), pp.463-477.

King Solomons Mines Essays - English-language Films,

King Solomon's Mines Analysis of King Solomon's Mines' undertone of Sexism During the nineteenth century, women were viewed as inferior to men. Men also saw women as prizes as well as possessions. We can see this undertone in the book King Solomon's Mines by H.Rider Haggard. Here, the writer uses Lyn Pykett's essay Gender, Degeneration, Renovation: Some Contexts of the Modern as the backbone for the comparison and discussion. As Allen Quartermain and company gets closer and closer to the diamonds, the description of the scenery is very feministic: For the nipple of the mountain did not rise out of its exact center.(Haggard 101) As someone had pointed out that the map included in the book also has a hint of a female body, if turned upside down. The Sheba's breasts resemble the breasts of a female, and the location of the diamonds and treasures, which is further down the map, signifies the private of a female. Woman is a wholly sexual creature, to be defined entirely in terms of sexual relations and the reproductive function.(Pykett 23) When a man meets a woman, his ultimate goal is to get, as Haggard implied in the book, the treasures of the woman; therefore, one can also relate to the scene where Allen Quartermain and company makes a great effort to reach Sheba's breasts. During that phase of the trip, they face many hardships, such as starvation and dehydration. This part of the book could be interpreted as the time when a woman tells her man to slow down because she is not ready to be intimate, yet man, like the characters in the book would continue to strive to their ultimate goal. It is also important to note that after the characters reached Sheba's breasts; they found a stream, killed an inco and had a big feast. Here is a quote from Allen Quartermain after the treat, complementing the view of Sheba's breasts: I know not how to describe the glorious panorama which unfolded itself to our enraptured gaze. I have never seen anything like it before, nor shall, I suppose, again.(Haggard 104) Another point that should be observed is the fact that the road to the treasure becomes wide and smooth: It was a very different business traveling along down hill on that magnificent pathway?. Every mile we walked the atmosphere grew softer and balmier, and the country before us shone with a yet more luminous beauty(Haggard 107). This part of the literature signifies men's thoughts when they g et to that first stage of intimacy. Men rejoice, which is equivalent to having a big feast. Men also think that the road to the next stage of intimacy would be smooth sailing after he has broken the first barrier. During the later part of the story, when Quartermain Company are close to finding the Solomon's treasure, they encounter more difficulties. For example, they were in the middle of the war facing the wrath of Twala's army, and also witch doctress Gagool's trap, to which encounter almost cost them their lives. Again, these obstacles portray the idea of how a woman does not want to give, while the man would, even at the risk of dying, attempt to acquire it. Eventually, Allen Quartermain, Sir Henry Curtis, and Captain Good, get what they sought after. They had conquered the obstacles and attained the diamonds. One is safe to say that, men ultimately conquers women and gets what they desire according to the hidden connotation of the story. At the conclusion of the story one can add that, only men had survived. Both evil Gagool and fair Foulata perishes over the course of searching for the treasures, which, brings up the theme of survival of the fittest, where, only the strong continue to exist. How woman or women should be represented was clearly very closely linked to the question of who represents woman/women. (Pykett 20) In Haggard's book, the way he wanted to represent women was clear and evident. Notice how he describes the women when Allen Quartermain and company first entered the village: These women are, exceedingly handsome. They are tall and graceful, and their figures are wonderfully fine. Their hair, though short, is rather curly than woolly. Their

Lewis Dot Structure Example - Octet Rule Exception

Lewis Dot Structure Example - Octet Rule Exception Lewis dot structures are useful to predict the geometry of a molecule. Sometimes, one of the atoms in the molecule does not follow the octet rule for arranging electron pairs around an atom. This example uses the steps outlined in How to Draw A Lewis Structure to draw a Lewis structure of a molecule where one atom is an exception to the octet rule. Review of Electron Counting The total number of electrons shown in a Lewis structure is the sum of the valence electrons of each atom. Remember: non-valence electrons are not shown. Once the number of valence electrons has been determined, here is the list of steps normally followed to place the dots around the atoms: Connect the atoms by single chemical bonds.The number of electrons to be placed is t-2n, where t is the total number of electrons and n is the number of single bonds. Place these electrons as lone pairs, starting with outer electrons (besides hydrogen) until every outer electrons has 8 electrons. Place lone pairs on most electronegative atoms first.After lone pairs are placed, central atoms may lack an octet. These atoms form a double bond. Move a lone pair to form the second bond.Question:Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule with molecular formula ICl3.Solution:Step 1: Find the total number of valence electrons.Iodine has 7 valence electronsChlorine has 7 valence electronsTotal valence electrons 1 iodine (7) 3 chlorine (3 x 7)Total valence electrons 7 21Total valence electrons 28Step 2: Find the number of electrons needed to make the atoms happyIodine needs 8 valence electronsChlorine needs 8 valence electronsTotal valence electrons to be happy 1 iodine (8) 3 chlorine (3 x 8)Total valence electrons to be happy 8 24Total valence electrons to be happy 32Step 3: Determine the number of bonds in the molecule.number of bonds (Step 2 - Step 1)/2number of bonds (32 - 28)/2number of bonds 4/2number of bonds 2This is how to identify an exception to the octet rule. There are not enough bonds for the number of atoms in molecule. ICl3 should have three bonds to bond the four atoms together. Step 4: Choose a central atom.Halogens are often the outer atoms of a molecule. In this case, all the atoms are halogens. Iodine is the least electronegative of the the two elements. Use iodine as the center atom.Step 5: Draw a skeletal structure.Since we do not have enough bonds to connect all four atoms together, connect the central atom to the other three with three single bonds.Step 6: Place electrons around outside atoms.Complete the octets around the chlorine atoms. Each chlorine should get six electrons to complete their octets.Step 7: Place remaining electrons around the central atom.Place the remaining four electrons around the iodine atom to complete the structure. The completed structure appears at the beginning of the example. Limitations of Lewis Structures Lewis structures first came into use early in the twentieth century when chemical bonding was poorly understood. Electron dot diagrams help illustrate electronic structure of molecules and chemical reactivity. Their use remains popular with chemistry educators introducing the valence-bond model of chemical bonds and they are often used in organic chemistry, where the valence-bond model is largely appropriate. However, in the fields of inorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry, delocalized molecular orbitals are common and Lewis structures dont accurately predict behavior. While its possible to draw a Lewis structure for a molecule known empirically to contain unpaired electrons, use of such structures leads to errors in estimating bond length, magnetic properties, and aromaticity. Examples of these molecules include molecular oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). While Lewis structures have some value, the reader is advised valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory do a better job describing the behavior of valence shell electrons. Sources Lever, A. B. P. (1972). Lewis Structures and the Octet Rule. An automatic procedure for writing canonical forms. J. Chem. Educ. 49 (12): 819.  doi:10.1021/ed049p819Lewis, G. N. (1916). The Atom and the Molecule. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38 (4): 762–85. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002Miessler, G.L.; Tarr, D.A. (2003). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice–Hall. ISBN 0-13-035471-6.Zumdahl, S. (2005). Chemical Principles. Houghton-Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-37206-7.

Rainbow Fire Halloween Jack-o-Lantern

Rainbow Fire Halloween Jack-o-Lantern Create a spectacular multicolored fire pumpkin for Halloween! This rainbow fire jack-o-lantern is easy to make.   Rainbow Fire Pumpkin Materials You only need a few basic materials for this project. The hand sanitizer contains alcohol, which is flammable, but self-extinguishes due to the water in the product. The boric acid or borax provides additional color to the flames. Carved Halloween jack-o-lantern (use a real pumpkin - plastic will melt!)Hand sanitizerBoric acid or borax What You Do Smear hand sanitizer all over the outside and inside of the jack-o-lantern.Dust the pumpkin with boric acid or borax. You dont need very much to achieve a nice colored effect. Just a light sprinkling will suffice,Ignite the jack-o-lantern.The flame goes out on its own fairly quickly as the alcohol in the hand sanitizer gets used up, leaving you with water. How It Works Boric acid or borax (either works) emit a green light when heated in a flame. The jack-o-lantern gives off a multicolored fire because you have the natural blue of the alcohol flame from the hand sanitizer, the green from the boric acid, orange light coming through the carved pumpkin, plus other colors from where the pumpkin juice mixes with the flame. The pumpkin flesh contains sodium, which imparts a yellow color to the fire. Tips and Safety You dont have to use boric acid or borax. Try other flame colorants for a different color blend.This is a fire project, so adult supervision is required.Be sure to perform this project on a fire-safe surface.You can extinguish the flame at any time by blowing it out.

Love or Morality.What Takes Precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Love or Morality.What Takes Precedent - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss how love, and morality is intertwined with an aim of finding out which one is precedes the other. It is undeniable that the power of love is greater than any other feeling that man can experience. It makes people do unimaginable things. However, love, like any other aspect of life is governed by social rules and expectations, which are collectively referred to as morality. Gurov, a banker in Moscow had been married for a long time and had two sons and a beautiful daughter. However, his relationship with his wife was not in good terms. In fact, â€Å"he secretly considered her shallow, narrow-minded, and dowdy, he  stood in awe of her, and disliked being at home† (Chekhov web). Although there were no conflicts, it was certain that love missed in the marriage. This is a clear evidence of ambiguity since the society thought of the family as a happy and loving family. According to the society, they were expected to remain in their stale relationship i n order to maintain moral integrity. Certainly, the absence of love in the marriage initially made him despise and classify women as â€Å"the lower race.† This was notwithstanding that, the same women were the source of love that he longed for. He recounted the many times that he would sleep with other women but would not find the true love â€Å"when they discovered their mistake, they went on loving him just the same. And not one of them had ever been happy with him† (Chekhov web). Many of the women loved him not because of who he was but because of who they thought he was. This is a phenomenon worth noting. Chekhov intended to show that love can make people compromise their moral standards, or at least the moral standards set by the society. However, it is evident that morality failed in this situation where Gurov slept with so many women due to lack of love. Most notably, Gurov was willing to compromise his moral standards and cheat on his wife. However, he was al ways very careful not to make it known by the society. Therefore, he still maintained a cover over the societal moral standards. A twist of events happened when Gurov met with Anna. Anna  had gone to the town for a vacation and most importantly, to take time off her husband. She too was tired of loveless relationship with her husband. A relationship ensued and the two new lovers began recounting the predicaments that had befallen them in their lives. At this moment, it was evident that Anna had experienced a loveless life with her husband. She felt that she had all along been deceiving herself. She claimed, â€Å"I despise myself and have not the least thought of self-justification. It is not my husband I have deceived, it's myself. And not only now, I have been deceiving myself for ever so long† (Chekhov web). Although her husband was an honest man, she certainly did not love him. Therefore, she experienced the same ambiguous situation with Gurov. It was easy for her to co mpromise the moral integrity due to lack of love in the marriage. Similarly, she was afraid to put it open to the society in fear of compromising the moral standards set by the society. It does not come by surprise that she slept with Gurov albeit in secrecy. The two fell in love and it became apparent that they were meant to be together. However, Anna was recalled by her ailing husband and had to go back. Although the two were deeply in love, they still respected the moral values of the family and therefore agreed that she had to go and attend to her

The woman warrior by maxine hong kingston Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The woman warrior by maxine hong kingston - Essay Example This story is evocative of Chinese patriarchy and a society where a woman in a socially undesirable position finds everything being stripped away from her, including her identity, so that when Kingston’s mother tells her the story, she informs her daughter that â€Å"We say that your father has all brothers because it is as if she had never been born† (Kingston 1). Such is the harsh fate that meets women and her mother uses this story as a basis to caution her daughter against sexual indiscretion, for it is not the man who must suffer the consequences, but the woman. There is no attempt made by anyone in her family to even consider that the aunt could have been a victim of rape or a passionate sexual individualist as Kingston imagines - instead, the villagers attack her family home and humiliate her to the point where her life becomes unbearable and she finally kills herself. The section of the book titled â€Å"White Tigers† is one of the best stories indicating the dichotomy in the treatment accorded to women as opposed to men. Kingston narrates the old Chinese saying which states that â€Å"when fishing for treasures in the flood, be careful not to pull in girls’, because that is what one says about daughters, even when one is in America (Kingston 52). Her own family is no different, because they mouth the same words and prepare the same ink drawings of unwanted little girl babies being pushed down the river with long flood hooks. She remarks with irony that she has read in an anthropology book that the Chinese say â€Å"Girls are necessary too† (Kingston 52-53), but in her own experience, she has not found it to be so. The story of White Tigers is Kingston’s re-telling of the traditional story of the Chinese warrior, Fa Mu Lan, a woman who dons the guise of a man, creating a character who is not limited by the boundaries of her gender. She is a brave swordswoman, and Kingston’s writing brings her fighting skills to life in stunning visuals

Paradigm in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Paradigm in Nursing Essay Nursing as any science is a tentative, testable and falsifiable discipline. It undergoes: empirical observation, hypothesis development, experiment, results/finding and finally conclusion. Basing on the finding, one can accept or reject the hypothesis. Theory has been seen as the model of the ethics of conducting a set up and while forth is in position to predict future occurrences or observations of the same kind and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise verified through observation. Each theory has set principles on how to verify it known as paradigm. Discussion Paradigms are a set of postulations; practices shared by a particular body, say a community of researchers and stems from a single theme. The paradigm seeks to regulate inquiry into the discipline that is concerned. It can therefore be viewed as the norm which the scientists or researchers can use as platform which they can agree of disagree depending on their findings. The various paradigms have one thing in common. They are characterized by ontological, epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches to conducting research (Demarest, et al 1993). This in return contributes to paradigm shift. Paradigm is seen to supersede mere interpretation of the tabulated finding or basic understanding in general. Superstition of paradigm consequently gives varied contribution in the area of disciplinary knowledge construction. Depending on the researchers sentiments/he may consider these differences so vast that one paradigm is inequivalent to another. Alternatively, these differences may be ignored or combined so as to conduct the research needed. To accomplish the task of developing nursing knowledge for use in practice, there is a need for a critical, integrated understanding of the paradigms used for nursing inquiry. This is arising due to the fact that each paradigm has a shift (Demarest, et al 1993). For instance, Child development defects will be viewed from various aspects and hence differing paradigm. A biologist my evaluate child development in perspective that children will naturally gain knowledge as they physically grow and become older, provided that they are healthy. Others may view that the child gains knowledge depending on its surrounding or what it interact with; while others view that a child is due for school after it starts interacting with environment and people as well. A nurse scholar can thus decide to combine the three theories or ignore all to achieve what s/he is researching on. Conclusion In conclusion the nurse researcher should weigh the pros and cons of a particular paradigm in his/her approach to assess of existing knowledge and thereby fill the informational gaps. This is because dominance of a particular paradigm is influenced by a number of factors. These may include: the source of finance for the research, government influence, biases from the journal and editors of the print, conferences and symposiums held, coverage by the media, educators who are responsible of spreading the paradigm to their students as well as the professional bodies which may favor a particular paradigm. However, paradigm should be natural and operational in all times.

The Effects of Poverty on the Lives of Children Essay -- Papers Britai

The Effects of Poverty on the Lives of Children Child poverty is common in the United Kingdom, 21% of all children were classified as poor in 1995. One child in three spends at least one year in poverty over his or her lifetime, and for more than 5% of children, poverty lasts 10 years or more. Most poor children are subject to a number of risk factors in addition to low family income; nonetheless, research shows that poverty has selective, but in some cases quite substantial, effects on child and adolescent well-being. Poor children not only experience material deprivation but also are more likely than non poor children to experience a number of undesirable outcomes including poor health and death, failure in school, out of wedlock births, and violent crime. Child poverty can be reduced by a combination of policies, versions of which are currently in place in the United Kingdom, to help families earn more and supplement earned income with other sources of cash (such as Child Tax Credits and Working Tax Credits). In addition, the effects of poverty can be reduced by programs that provide benefits in the form of goods and services (such as food, housing, and health care) which are vital to children's well-being. Despite the frequently voiced sentiment that few programs work, the United Kingdom has a number of effective programs in place that address the needs of poor children and reduce their numbers, although more can be done. To gather public support, however, interventions to improve conditions for poor children should be consistent with public values that hold society responsible for (a) meeting basic human needs for thos... ...n. Food, shelter, health care, and other necessities are crucial for children's well-being, and extra income can make life more enjoyable. The important question about which there is debate is whether the things that extra money, above a subsistence level of income, would buy make a big difference in child outcomes. The answer to this question is a qualified ?yes.? The qualification reflects the facts that income seems to have a larger, more consistent independent effect on some outcomes (such as school achievement in the early grades) than others (such as teenage childbearing) and that the timing and persistence of poverty are important factors in the size of its impact. These issues are explored further in the ensuing discussion of policies for poor children, which includes recommendations for specific interventions.

A day with the president

You may choose a fictional or real person. You may choose someone you know personally or a figure in history. You may choose a modern day celebrity. You may not choose a close friend or your parents. Place: You may choose a fictional or real place. It can be someplace that you have visited or would like to visit. You may not choose Langley High School, the beach, a vacation home, or your own bedroom. Thing: You may not choose a piece of Jewelry, an electronic device, or a car.Idea: You ay not choose the idea of success or the idea of love or hate. Event: You may not choose your graduation day or your wedding day. You may not choose the day of your birth. Introduction: Hook: The introduction must begin with a quotation that is important to you. You must give credit to the speaker (As my grandfather always says, Transition or Background Sentence: Your background or transition sentences must connect the hook to the thesis. There should be 4-5 of them.Thesis statement: This is the claim entence for your entire essay. It must include the three body paragraph topics in the order that you intend to present them. Body Paragraphs: You will choose three of the topics which you have gathered information about. You will write one paragraph about each topic. The first body paragraph will be significantly weaker than the third body paragraph. Conclusion: Your conclusion will be one of the topics that you did not cover in the body or it can be on the future you envision for yourself.Specifics: Prewriting due date: Peer review draft due date: Final draft due date: Paragraph length: Introduction: 8-10 sentences Body One: 8-10 sentences Body Two: 10-12 sentences Body Three: 12-15 sentences Conclusion: 8-10 sentences This is an informal essay. You may use contractions and personal pronouns. Please do not refer to yourself as â€Å"we† however. Please fill out this space with words you look up from a thesaurus to broaden your use of â€Å"influence† or â€Å"change. † This will be due on the same day as your prewriting.

American Popular Culture Essay

American popular culture has brought entertainment to many for the past two centuries. However, very little people know the extent to which American popular culture has shaped the historical relationship between marginalized social groups and dominate American society. Traditionally, the term popular culture has denoted the education level and general â€Å"cultural-ness† of the lower classes, as opposed to the â€Å"official culture† and higher education emanated by the dominant classes. This separation of upper class and lower class became even more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century the was a strong need for one to express their intellectualism as well as further their education in order to gain a higher status in society. Due to the need to denote other races, we have the arrival of black face minstrelsy in American popular culture, which allowed for inferior white races such as the Jewish of Irish to gain approval from the dominate white culture. However, black face minstrelsy also forced African Americans further into segregation from American society. During the period of Modernity from 1870 to 1930, there was a strong fascination with the Wild West and Manifest Destiny. During this time there was the formation of the Boy Scouts, which was the true depiction of what Americans thought it was like to be Native American. Due to irrational fears and anxieties, American popular culture took comfort in â€Å"playing Indian† because it allowed them to express these worries in American mainstream media. From the end of World War I, following major cultural and social changes brought by mass media innovations, the meaning of popular culture began to overlap with those of mass culture, media culture, and culture for mass consumption. Because of World War II, many women were put to work in order to fill the jobs of the men at war allowing them to gain a sense of independence. However, other events in history such as Vaudeville, and the idea of the New Woman also allowed women to gain a sense of power during the 19th century with pioneers such as Sarah Bernhardt. American popular culture was the gender revolutions biggest supporter as well as its biggest critic. Throughout American history, popular culture has been an entry way for marginal social groups into the political, economic, and social mainstream of American society. With Irish and Jewish males finally being accepted by dominate white society through the performance of black face minstrelsy as well as women being able to control their own being through expression in Vaudeville. However, while these minorities are able to further their social hierarchy through performance, African Americans and Native Americans were often exploited as a way of making profit. While American popular culture has its positive social constructions, I believe the negative effects that American popular culture has had on the historical relationship between marginal social groups and American society has caused too much damage to repair. Through acts such as the minstrelsy shows, the Buffalo Bill Show as well as films and plays of the time, minorities are depicted in a subordinate role to the Anglo-Saxon male. These acts within popular culture spilled over onto American society and allowed for the prejudice and racism of the 19th and 20th century. The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American popular culture entertainment consisting of comedy skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performed by white people in blackface. Blackface was when a White American would paint their face with black makeup and exaggerate their lips and being to impersonate an African American male. Minstrel shows caricatured black people as poor, lazy, dim-witted, buffoonish, happy-go-lucky and violent. The minstrel show began with brief parodies and comic entr’actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form of mass entertainment in the next decade. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Minstrel songs and sketches featured several run-of-the-mill characters; the slave and the dandy in nice clothes quickly began the crowd favorites. These were further divided into sub-archetypes such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench, and the black soldier. Minstrel performers claimed that their songs and dances were authentically â€Å"black†, although the extent of the black influence remains debatable. The depictions of African Americans as these â€Å"token† characters, allowed for the ignorance of White America to be validated through the representation of minorities through stereotypes. African Americans were seen as bumbling fools who couldn’t take care of themselves and needed a White master to explain the world to their simple minds. African Americans were seen as people who needed someone to represent them; they needed someone with power to gain control of an â€Å"untamed† culture. A certain version of a black identity can be created through things like the minstrel show and other forms of popular culture, and that understanding has led to material practices like racial segregation and social inequality and educational deprivation. Americans use to believe that race could be distinguished biologically and that different ethnicities had different DNA coding than others. American popular culture is how most people learn about other identities and allowed them to understand the practices of another culture. As Professor Avila stated in lecture â€Å"the minstrel show is one of the sites in history where this could be found. The 19th century was a time where people saw racial difference and were terrified by it. The existence of slavery and its uncertain future promoted a mixed range of responses by Americans and they were acted in a variety of ways† (Avila Lecture January 15th 2013). The minstrel shows are a perfect example of how White Americans acted out their own prejudice to enact their own culture in 19th and 20th century America. The Minstrel performers were often men of Jewish or Irish descent, which were two groups of people who were discriminated against even though they were White. Often, Jewish and Irish men took comfort in dressing up in Blackface for the minstrel shows because it allowed them to relate to the audience as well as the character they are portraying. These performers used minstrelsy as a platform to gain social hierarchy in American popular culture by bringing comic relief to a working class audience. Also, they often were able to finally express themselves once they put the Blackface make-up on because it served as a mask which hid their actual identity from the audience. These minorities were able to use their performances to gain acceptance from the dominant White American society. However, this upward social mobility came at a large price for African Americans during the 19th century. The depiction of African Americans as fools or grime savages in the minstrel show furthered the discrimination and stereotypes upheld by Anglo-Americans. Minstrels were not shifty in their theft of black cultural expressions and practices. The performers depicted these expressions quite brazenly, acknowledging and emphasizing the speeches and songs they created. At the same time, black face minstrels were the first self-conscious white entertainers in the world. While they told themselves they were only playing the role of an African American in American society, they often found their life struggles were very similar to those of the characters they portrayed. This mutual discrimination by dominant White America, allowed for African Americans and the White Americans portraying them in minstrel shows to bridge a formerly segregated gap in American society. Blackface minstrelsy was the first distinctly American theatrical form, and deeply rooted in American popular culture. In the 1830s and 1840s, it was at the core of the rise of an American music industry, and for several decades it provided the lens through which white America saw black America. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects and furthered discrimination of minorities in America; on the other, it afforded white Americans a singular and broad awareness of what some whites of the time, considered significant aspects of black-American culture to be. Although the minstrel shows were extremely popular, being â€Å"consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group†, they were also extremely controversial. Racial integrationists decried them as falsely showing happy slaves while at the same time making fun of them; segregationists thought such shows were â€Å"disrespectful† of social norms, portrayed runaway slaves with sympathy and would undermine the southerners’ â€Å"peculiar institution†. With Irish, German, Polish, Italian, Russian-Jews, and Native stock within the audience, the minstrel show provided a relational model by which those in audiences could unite in whiteness. And although the minstrel show sometimes did highlight interethnic diversities, they all could share in this particular joke – the laziness and stupidity of black people. African Americans were not the only minority group to suffer social, political and economic discrimination during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Native Americans who are the rightful owners of our beautiful land have faced harsh and cruel discrimination from dominant White American society. Throughout early American history, there was a strong push for Manifest Destiny, or the wide held belief that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This ideology was upheld by most Americans because they believed that God had told them it was their destiny to settle on this land. Due to the fact that they believed it was their destiny, the settlers took little to no pity on the people who already inhabited the land they were seizing. The concept of Western expansion seemed to be on the forefront of every Americans mind during the late 19th century, allowing for new fears and anxieties to form about Native Americans. With leisure time becoming a strong part of American culture, there became a strong pull to produce shows to entertain the masses after a hard day’s work. Showmen such as William F. Cody began to produce shows like the Buffalo Bill show, which featured relations between cowboys and Indians. For 23 years, the show featured a skit called â€Å"attack on setter’s cabin† as the grand finale show. This skit would start by showing a frontier home which was set on fire by savages, each time the encircling group of Indians came close to the cabin, Buffalo Bill would ride out on his horse to the rescue and save the day. The common theme of the Buffalo Bill show was to reinforce the heroic image of the Cowboy who expanded the land from sea to shining sea, saving the lives of White Americans and killing the enemies who stopped their destiny. While William F. Cody would sometimes depict a Native American in some of the skits, he was often the heroic cowboy everybody was waiting to see. However, working as a Native American in the production of the Buffalo Bill show had its upside. William F. Cody did not adhere to government demands as often fought to resist them to gain rights for his employees. One example of his resistance is allowing his Native American actors to keep their long hair instead of assimilating to dominate society like the government demanded. Also, the Native Americans in the Buffalo Bill show were offered a unique opportunity that many minorities didn’t have during the 19th century in America. Cody offered the Native Americans the chance to travel the country and make an income that was sizable. Taking part in these reenactments of American history also allowed for Native Americans to hold onto a sliver of their culture in a society who is try to diminish their practices. However, the overall goal of the Buffalo Bill show was not to inform the public about the cultural and social practices of Native Americans, but rather a remedy for the fantasies and fears that flooded American society during the late 19th century As stated by professor Avila â€Å"the image of the Indian has this degree of symbolic flexibility to be able to contain the projected fantasies and anxieties of Native Americans† (Avila, Lecture, January 29th 2013). The onslaught of Modernity challenged the concept of identity for everyone in America. The anxieties of the upper class about a minority revolt were enhanced by the acceleration of modernity (Lawrence, American Culture). Modernity brought a deep sense of transformation from an old world order to a new society. â€Å"However, this allowed for the objectification of people and products alike, with things becoming abstract commodities, like people becoming cogs in a machine, rather than being an independent human† (Nasaw, Going Out). Suddenly during the late 19th century there was a strive for authenticity, or a culturally-constructed category created in opposition to a perceived state of inauthenticity; a way to imagine and idealize the real, the traditional, and the organic in opposition to the perceived inauthenticity of modern commercial life. Inauthenticity was beginning to plague the youth of America and there was a strong push toward needing to be authentic. One of the urban responses about the corruption of youth was the invention of boy scouts, which wanted to introduce frontier experiences to youth, with an emphasis on scouting, camping, exercise, and a wholesome relationship with nature. The concept of the Boy Scouts takes the idea of â€Å"playing Indian† to its fullest extent. The actual image of the Indian was important to the Boy Scouts understanding of nature and the things that inhabit it. The Boy Scouts idealized the image of a Native American because it represented the human removed from modern life, who is retaining virtues from nature by living in it. White Americans use â€Å"playing Indian† as a way of projecting their fears and anxieties about the unknown onto the lives of Native Americans. Although it is not a strong point of the Buffalo Bill show, William F. Cody was known for his performances as he heroic cowboy, but he sometimes depicted the â€Å"Indian† in some of his skits. The audience at the shows seemed to like when the White actor would dress up as Native Americans, because they felt like they could connect better with that actor and his struggles. The idea of â€Å"playing Indian† in American popular culture can be seen both negatively and positively. Unfortunately, â€Å"playing Indian† led to the development of new stereotypes and anxieties, as well as reinforced old stereotypes about Native Americans. This caused a lot of tension and fear between the White settlers and the Native inhabitants of the land. On the other hand, â€Å"playing Indian† allowed for a previously intolerant society to gain a better understanding of the cultures and societies around them. Through experimenting with â€Å"playing Indian† American popular culture has both hampered the historical relationship between marginalized social group and American dominate society as well as strengthened the bond between two previously segregated groups. The American concepts of Manifest Destiny and Western expansion created many fears and anxieties for the White settlers of the land. After the closing of the frontier in 1890, Americans began to face new anxieties that European settlers would come from all parts of Europe and demolish the democracy that America had worked so hard to create. We can accredit most of the need in America for White Americans to portray themselves as Indians to the concept of Modernization. With Modernization came the invention of the railroads and the automobile which gave a stronger push toward urbanization. White Americans felt the need to seek simpler times like they had before industrialization and modernization took their course on American popular culture. Throughout American popular culture, there has always been a need to enforce a social hierarchy to make sure that minority groups don’t gain any power. This has proven to be true throughout America history with different racial groups, but minorities do not stop at race. During the 19th and 20th century, women were seen an inferior to men in America simply because they are a different gender. The concept of gender identities is often visited in American popular culture. In lecture, we have discussed how gender roles play out in public spheres of the modern city such as dance halls where women were given freedom to dance and the creation of department stores which gave women the option to work and be part of something outside the home. However, prior to the mid-19th century, women were meant to adhere to tradition gender roles placed on them by society. The rise of the theater and vaudeville house, between 1820s and the 1900s, allowed for popular theater to emerge in the conversation of sexual identities. The female performers in Vaudeville became the agents and metaphors for ancient social roles. This was the era associated with the â€Å"new woman†, who became perceived by the public eye as non-traditional. The new woman was both a social reality, as depicted by Sarah Bernhardt and a cultural concept, as shown by the feminist revolution. It was coined at the end of the century, and described a woman changing her public behavior and adopting new roles within a previously bias society. At the turn of the 20th century, American had a new league of ambitious, educated women who often put off or refused marriage, and dedicated themselves to political causes and social reforms – these women were part of what was labeled as the new woman of the 20th century. By the time of World War I, women demanded political and economic equality with men. Most historians have seen the rise of the political women, but particularly in urban slices of society, an important venue of acceptance was seen. Sarah Bernhardt embodies this idea of the â€Å"new woman†, or a woman who doesn’t see her gender as a limitation to her life. Sarah Bernhardt formed her own theater company, and she was the first actor to tour on an international circuit. She often played the roles of women, many of which were familiar to American audiences. She also accredited for pioneering the form of the woman torn between power hungry aggressions and passive submissions. Onstage, she was usually very dramatic and could perform hysteria without shame, which was usually considered not ladylike. She caused many scandals by playing the roles of men in her plays, like in 1899 where she played the role of Hamlet. She upstaged men performing alongside her, jumping across masculine and feminine roles at the same time, blurring the lines between men and women, and blurring the line between a bad woman and a good woman. Whatever the case, her personality always dominated the characters she played. â€Å"She had an immodest presence and was known for shameless and bold publicity stunts. She could seize the possibilities for self-construction afforded by mass culture and spectacle† (Kasson, Amusing the Millions). She invented the farewell tour, and each tour was loaded with drama and tears. She did this to heighten a dramatic sense of finality, and was a master of advanced publicity and that of her own self-image. She was in control of her own self-image, not unlike women promoted by PT Barnum. Unlike Jenny Lin, Bernhardt called the shots for her performances, and that image was that of a high-strung and egotistic person. She took ownership of her public image, and though she was adored, she was criticized by males for being too unladylike. This could have suggested gender confusion at the time. Nonetheless, she contributes to the large visibility of women, and showed how women could change the terms with public culture. This created new examples of women that were willing to stand for their rights by asserting their demands for political equality. In contrast to the Bernhardt image, there were images in the 20th century American popular culture, which reinforced women as ornaments which were to be produced and handled by men. The creation of the chorus line gave birth to a new type of objectification. The amusement of the line resided with the ability for women who were the entire same image to show their ability to synchronize and choreograph their movements together. The line symbolized the application of the principles of scientific management to mass entertainment. These women who danced in the line all looked the same and held the same facial feature throughout the show almost as if they were wound up robots with someone controlling their every move. The idea is to synchronize limbs and bodies to a series and different steps, and in turn it reflects a faith into human engineering as entertainment. The chorus line was referred to a small army of femininity where women worked rigorously into being part of the crowd, and not an individual. They are parts of a whole, and are theatrically useless when they are separated from each other. They were displays of mechanical awareness, and that also broke the body to eroticize particular parts of the body, exposing these previously well hidden body parts to the public gaze. Historians argue that the chorus line is a perfect example of how men view women within a society; they are just pieces of a machine waiting to comply with a strong males command. These two different types of women that emerged in the 19th and 20th century in America show the strong influence that males had over women during this time period. The â€Å"new woman† was a rebellion against traditional gender roles, while the chorus line depicted a submissive woman who needs male guidance. Throughout 19th and 20th century American popular culture, there has been a lot of discrimination towards this idea of the â€Å"outsider†. In the minstrel show the outside is shown as an African-American male and the â€Å"insider† is the White family who paid to see the show. The creation of The Buffalo Bill show painted Native Americans as the â€Å"outsiders†, even though they inhabited the land before Americans even got here. Finally, American popular culture allowed for women to be depicted as the â€Å"outsider† and males to be presented as the â€Å"insiders†. However, even though these tragedies plague American popular culture minorities still find ways of resistance. Whether it be through Irish and Jewish culturally subordinate groups depicting the stereotypes of another minority to try to fit into mainstream American, or women like Sarah Bernhardt who don’t set limitations to their ambitions due to their gender, American counter culture has always found a way to strike back and its oppressor. I believe that American popular culture has allowed naive Americans to get a better perspective of the hardships faced every day by someone who is considered a â€Å"second class citizen†. American popular culture as both provided a gateway for minorities to fit into modern American society, as well as crumbled any hope for a sensitive bridging of gaps between social, political or racial groups within America. Works Cited Kasson, John. Amusing the Millions: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century. Hill and Wang; First Edition edition, 1978. Print. Levine, Lawrence, â€Å"American Culture and the Great Depression,† The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History Oxford University Press, 1993. Print. Nasaw, David, and . Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. Harvard University Press, 1999. Print.